In 1870, two German researchers named Hitzig and Fritsch electrically stimulated the brains of dogs, demonstrating that certain portions of the brain were the centers of motor function. The American Dr. Robert Bardiolow, within four years, demonstrated that the same was true of human beings. By the turn of the century in Germany Fedor Krause was able to do a systematic electrical mapping of the human brain, using conscious patients undergoing brain surgery.

Another early researcher into electrical stimulation of the brain was Walter Rudolph Hess, who began research into ESB in the 1930s, jolting patients' brains with shocks administered through tiny needles that pierced their skulls.

During the decades of the 1940s and 1950s, Wilder Penfield, a neurosurgeon at McGill University, experimented with electrical brain stimulation on patients undergoing surgery. One of Penfield's discoveries was that the application of electricity on alert patients could stimulate the memory of past events. 2 Since 1949, the Tulane University Department of Psychiatry and Neurology has done experimentation in the implantation of electrodes into patients' brains.

According to one of their staff-generated reports, "By implantation of electrodes into various predetermined specific brain sites of patients capable of reporting thoughts and feelings, we have been able to make invaluable long-term observations..."' Other early researchers into direct brain stimulation were Robert G. Heath, of Tulane University School of Medicine, in New Orleans, and his associate, Dr.Russell Monroe. Beginning in 1950, with funding from the CIA and the military, among other sources, they implanted as many as 125 electrodes into subjects' brains, and also experimented by injecting a wide variety of drugs directly into the brain tissue through small tubes; these drugs included LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline. One of Heath's memorable suggestions was that lobotomy should be used on subjects, not as a therapeutic measure, but for the convenience of the staff.' According to Heath, "In the old days we could leave the electrodes in for only a few days; we'd stay up all night making recordings. After we refined our method, we started leaving the electrodes in up to several years so that the patients could be restimulated when symptoms recurred. Eventually, of course, we developed a pacemaker with its own internal power source to provide the patient with continuous stimulation.

Heath and Monroe demonstrated that by implanting electrodes into the brains of their subjects they could switch on and off a variety of emotional and mental states, including fear, feelings of well-being, sexual sensations, as well as controlling memory and artificially inducing hallucinations. These feelings and thoughts, selectively chosen by those wielding the electric pushbutton, could in Pavlovian fashion be used for reward and punishment.' One experiment performed by Heath utilized subject "B19," a young male homosexual. Heath set about treating the man's homosexuality by inserting electrodes into his brain, including in the septum, a cerebral pleasure center.

When Heath would activate the electrodes the man would experience something akin to a slow-burn orgasm. The man was shown heterosexual pornographic films while electricity was channeled through the electrodes, in an effort to rearrange his pleasure orientations, and switch his sexual interest from men to women.

Eventually the man was given his own control box, which during one three-hour period he pushed 1,500 times for self stimulation. A twenty-year-old female prostitute was brought to Tulane University, and the man's brainwaves were studied while he engaged in sex with the her.

By 1976 Heath had come up with the "cerebellar pacemaker, " designed to electrically stimulate the brain throu2h an array of tiny electrodes inserted at the back of the head, under the skull on the cerebellum. Although early versions of the pacemaker included a battery pack that the patient would carry in his pocket or on his belt, later versions would be implanted in the patient's abdomen.' Heath was far from the only person thinking about using implants for control.

In 1956, Curtiss Shafer, working as an electrical engineer for Norden-Ketay, offered the following prescription at the National Electronics Conference in Chicago. Shafer said, "The ultimate achievement of biocontrol may be man himself. The controlled subjects would never be permitted to think as individuals.

A few months after birth, a surgeon would equip each child with a socket mounted under the scalp and electrodes reaching selected areas of brain tissue. "
The subject's "sensory perceptions and muscular activity could be either modified or completely controlled by bioelectric signals radiating from state-controlled transmitters. "9 Intelligence agencies have long been interested in the possibilities of direct brain electrical stimulation.

A report on the CIA's MKULTRA subproiect 94, issued in October 1960, said:
"Initial biological work on techniques and brain locations essential to providing conditioning and control of animals has been completed... The feasibility of remote control of activities in several species of animals has been demonstrated. The present investigations are directed toward improvement of techniques. "

A CIA research staff memorandum for the Deputy Director of the Agency from April 21, 1961 stated: "At present time we feel that we are close to having debugged a prototype system whereby dogs can be guided along specific courses through land areas out of sight and at some distance of the operator... In addition to its possible practical value in operations, this phenomenon is a very useful research tool in the area of the behavioral sciences. Dr. [deleted in original docuinentl is taking appropriate action to exploit our knowledge of this area and provide adequate background for the developnient of future Agency applications in the general areas of influencing Human Behavior, Indirect Assessment and Interrogation Aids. "

The Spaniard Dr. Jose Manuel Rodriquez Delgado, who studied medicine and taught physiology in Madrid, casts a long shadow in early CIA mind control research.

Delgado is the man who perfected the stimoceiver, a tiny electronic device that is implanted into the brains of humans and animals, and is used to transmit electrical impulses directly to the brain.

Delgado came to the United States in 1950 to work at Yale University, where he was to remain for more than twenty years. He was financed by a number of agencies including the Office of Naval Intelligence, which was used to channel CIA funds. Unlike many of the researchers at the edge of behavioral control who seek anonymity, we are familiar with a good deal of Delgado's early research because he authored a book on the subject, Physical Control of the Mind: Toward a Psychocivilised Society, as well as several less well-known monographs.

In a 1967 medical report dated titled "Man's Intervention in Intracerebral Functions," Delgado rhapsodized about how he had:

"... Started to influence the physiological basis of the mind, and scientific investigation has established the principles that:

"We can experiment with intracerebral mechanisms responsible for the onset, development, and maintenance of specific behavioral and mental functions... The greatest challenge, however, is the possibility that we might substitute-at least in part-human intelligence for natural choices in man's design of man's highest quality: mental functions."

In the same monograph Delgado said that he had invented several types of brain implants. One type was the "radio stimulator, " that provided jolts of electricity to the brain that were controlled by radio. "Programmed stimulators" were another type of brain implant. Delgado said, "The advantage of the programmed stimulator is that it is self-contained and does not depend on a radio-link, and therefore the mobility of the subject is not limited, which is an important consideration in possible application of this unit for ambulatory therapy in humans. "

Another type of stimoceiver was the "radio injector. The subjects of this type of stimoceiver are, according to Delgado, "equipped with mutilated electrodes attached to fine tunings, forming assemblies called 'chemitrodes' which are permanently implanted into the brain. Administration of chemicals is performed with a specially designed 'chemitrode pump,' which measures 40 x 18 mm. and weighs only 10 grams, and consists of two Incite compartments separated by an elastic membrane. One side is filled with synthetic spinal fluid or any other solution to be injected, and the adjoining side is filled with a solution of hydrozoan. When a current is passed through the latter compartment, gas is released and its pressure pushes the drug to be injected through the chemitrode. "

In an interview Delgado said that, "The brain is like an ocean through which, by relying on instrument guidance, we can navigate without visibility and reach a specific destination. "

What Delgado is specifically talking about when he says "instrument guidance"is locking the subject's head into a metal restraint attached to a metal arm that holds either a long hypodermic needle (for chemical stimulation) or a thin steel wire electrode that can be hooked up to dozens of other wires. Controls allow the vertical and lateral adjustment of the head until the needle or electrode is specifically targeted to a hole that has previously been drilled in the skull. The electrode is then thrust into the brain.

Delgado soon came up with a new "transdermal" stimoceiver that communicates back the reactions of the subject to the electrical or chemical stimuli. Delgado reported:

"The new system described here is based on the implantation under the skin of a small instrument, without batteries, which is powered by transdermal reception of energy and is able to stimulate three different areas of the brain with remote control. .. "

Dr. Colin Ross describes another experiment performed by Delgado:
"He...describes a technical innovation in an eleven year old boy who had brain electrodes implanted for non-therapeutic reasons. Previously you had to have wires connecting the transmitter box directly to the electrode terminals that were sticking through the skull. In this eleven-year-old boy, however, Jose Delgado had figured out how to have a remote transmitter without a direct wire connection. He describes pushing a button in this otherwise normal eleven-year-old boy's brain transmitter box and the boy starts being confused about his identity, wondering whether he is a girl and talking about wanting to marry Jose Delgado. He pushes another button, and this behavior stops.

These innovations in brain implants were, in fact, a very primitive level of Delgado's research that would later be exceeded by light years. Later breakthroughs in technology were documented in "Two-Way Transdermal Communication with the Brain," published in 1975. By this time Delgado had linked his brain implants with computers. The monograph records, "The most interesting aspect of the transdermal stimoceivers is the ability to perform simultaneous recording and stimulation of brain functions, thereby permitting the establishment of feedbacks and 'on-demand' programs of excitation with the aid of the computer. With the increasing sophistication and miniaturization of electronics, it may be possible to compress the necessary circuitry for a small computer into a chip that is implantable subcutaneously. In this way, a new self-contained instrument could be devised, capable of receiving, analysing, and sending back inforn-iation to the brain, establishing artificial links between unrelated cerebral areas, functional feedbacks, and programs of stimulation contingent on the appearance of predetermined patterns. "

The monograph further stated that:
"Two-way, transderinal exploration of the brain has the following possibilities:

" 1 - Long-term, depth EEG [electroencephalogram] reCOrding to monitor physiological, pharmacological, and psychological phenomena in unrestrained subjects;

"2. Long-term electrical stimulation of the brain to influence autonomic, somatic, and behavior responses or to provide information directly to the brain circumventing normal sensory receptors;

"3. Connnunication from the brain to computer and back to the brain, for the establishment of artificial intracerebral links and feedback circuits;

"4. Clinical applications to humans of 'on-dernand' programs of stimulation, triggered by predetermined electrical pattern. "

Many popular articles on Delgado intend us to think that his primary purpose was the rehabilitation of the mentally and physically sick. This does not happen to be the case. Delgado was a blatant control freak. An example is Delgado's experimentation on changing the social orientation of animals. One staging area for this experimentation was an island in the Berinudas, where Delgado maintained a free-roving population of gibbons with electronic implants, using electrical brain boosts to build and destroy social orders among those primates as if he was knocking down a row of dominoes .

Delgado returned to his native Spain in the 1970s, where he was ostensibly employed as a physiology professor at the University of Madrid. He continued his experimentation on human subjects while in Spain, although these researches have not been publicized. According to the report of a doctor who was a friend of Delgado's, one of the experiments that Delgado engaged in was the stimulation of the brains of the elderly in order to cause them to experience continuous sexual orgasms.

By the 1980s, Delgado had changed directions in his work. Working at the one hundred room Ramon y Cajal hospital in Madrid, Delgado now began to emphasize changing brainwave patterns and physiology through electromagnetic broadcasting. Delgado said, "Much more research will have to be done. But with further knowledge, I am hopeful that without surgery or drugs, we will eventually be able to correct abnormal brain activity in humans.""

In an interview, Delgado stated that electromagnetic broadcasting for mind control had been developed to a state of effectiveness, and could be utilized at up to three kilometers.

Interestingly enough, part of the thrust of Delgado's research was genetics, since he had determined that low intensity electromagnetic fields were capable of altering DNA. Delgado said, "Our understanding of genetics is very clumsy at present. But if we can produce lethal mutations with EMF fields, perhaps we will someday be able to use the technique to produce behavior changes. "

Summing up his philosophy, Delgado remarked, "This new knowledge is so important that 1 think it should radically change the philosophy of our educational system, which believes in the sanctity of individuals, thinking that an individual exists at birth. This belief is not true. And this science is going to prove the fallacy of democracy in the sense that we talk about the rights of the individual; this democratic belief is not true. Because we are forming this individual, because we are constructing his brain, we are willy nilly making the differences we either desire or dislike.

Always a visionary in the Orwellian mold, Delgado said, "Looking into the future, it may be predicted that telerecording and telestimulation of the brain will be widely used.

Another researcher who specialized in brain implants is Dr. Stuart Mackay, who in 1968 penned a textbook titled BioMedical Telemetry. Mackay reported, "Among the many telemetry instruments being used today are miniature radio transmitters that can be swallowed, carried externally, or surgically implanted in man or animal. They permit the simultaneous study of behaviour and physiological functioning.

The scope of observations is too broad to more than hint at a few examples. The possibilities are limited only by the imagination of the investigator. In the early 1970s, in the law review Crime and Justice, an article by Barton L. Ingraham and Gerald W. Smith was published, titled "The Use of Electronics in the Observation and Control of Human Behavior and its Possible Use in Rehabilitation and Control. "

The article stated:
"In the very near future, a computer technology will make possible alternatives to imprisonment. The development of systems for telemetering information from sensors implanted in or on the body will soon make possible the observation and control of human behavior without actual physical contact. Through such telemetric devices, it will be possible to maintain twenty-four-hour-a-day surveillance over the subject and to intervene electronically or physically to influence and control selected behavior. It will thus be possible to exercise control over human behavior and from a distance without physical contact. The possible implications for criminology and corrections of such telemetric systems is tremendously significant. "

During the Vietnam war one of those interventions to influence behavior was done by a team of CIA psychologists at the Bien Hoa Prison outside of Saigon, where they were working as part of the infamous Phoenix Program. Suspected members of the National Liberation Front were brought into the prison, and experiments were done on them. One such experiment involved anesthetizing three prisoners and then implanting electrodes in their brains. After the prisoners were brought back to consciousness, they were placed in a room where knives had been left in the open. They were covertly observed by the psychiatrists as the electrodes were turned on, sending jolts of electricity directly to their brains. The apparent hope was that the prisoners would go berserk and attack each other with the knives, providing a juicy footnote to the CIA psychiatrists' reports. To the dismay of the CIA shrinks, this did not happen. The electrode-implanted prisoners were deemed useless. They were summarily shot; their bodies burned.

In the States, doctors at the University of Mississippi in Jackson as of 1972 were implanting electrodes into the brains of black children as young as five years old, with the purpose of controlling "hyperactive" and "aggressive" behavior. A report from Dr. Peter R. Breggin states that, "Their brains were being implanted with electrodes that were heated up to melt areas of the brain that regulate emotion and intellect.

Although it has been a closely guarded secret, the technology of electronic brain control implants has continued to be advanced throughout this century, and continues to be applied by mind control practitioners today. One area where the technology continues to be developed is the University of Michigan Center for Neural Communication Technology.

According to information on their website, "The Center was initiated to obtain resources necessary to meet the increasing demands for multichannel silicon substrate microprobes fabricated at the University of Michigan Center for Integrated Sensors and Circuits. These probes are being developed for acute and chronic recording and/or stimulation of the central nervous system. "