Welcome Guest ( Log In | Register )

 
Reply to this topicStart new topic
 Olympic Spirits Of Arbatel, Following strictly only the text of the grimoire
ComaOfLoss
post Sep 14 2009, 08:00 AM
Post #1


Neophyte
Group Icon
Posts: 71
Age: N/A
Gender: Male
From: Finland
Reputation: 1 pts




I've been preparing for evocation of Ophiel for a while now and I'm faced with a dilemma.

Most of the ritual diaries that are available on the net seem to be using a ritual basis from the Goetia (triangle, circle etc) accompanied with GD rituals instead of the actual grimoire text which doesn't mention any of these. Instead, the Olympic spirits are described as angelic beings:

"There are seven governors or different offices of the Olympians, which God has established for administering the entire fabric of the Universe. And their visible stars are ARATRON, BETHOR, PHALEG, OCH, HAGITH, OPHIEL, PHUL, according to the Olympic speech. Each of these has under them a considerable heavenly militia."

Also, the only requirements according the grimoire for the evocations are faith, pious life and prayers to God (which are also included in the text) and the use of the name and offices of the spirit and it's seal.

For protection only faith in God is required if I'm reading the text correctly:

"...For neither evil daemon nor ill fate can harm one whose help rests in the Most High. Truly any of the Olympic spirits might teach or effect whatever is portended or appropriate to their star, however without divine permission nothing can be accomplished. Indeed it is GOD alone who enables them to accomplish it. All things obey God the creator, whether supercelestial, celestial, sublunary or infernal. Therefore strive for this that GOD LEADS you in all everything you undertake, and EVERYTHING WILL COME TO A HAPPY AND DESIRED OUTCOME, as the history of the world testifies, and daily experience shows. With the pious there is peace, but 'there is no PEACE for the wicked', the Lord says."

Also:

"The HUMAN SOUL is the SOLE producer of wonders, to the extent that it is joined with the chosen spirit; once joined it will reveal what you desire. Therefore you must proceed with CAUTIOUSLY in acts of MAGIC, lest we be cheated by sirens and monsters, who are also attracted to the HUMAN SOUL. Therefore always hide under the WINGS OF THE MOST HIGH, lest you offer yourself to be devoured by the roaring lion. For those who desire worldly things are hard pressed to escape the snares of SATAN."

"CARE must be taken not to mix experiments, but each one should be simple and by itself. For GOD and NATURE have ordered each towards a fixed and destined end.... ....In the same way are sayings, which when spoken, the visible creations and invisible creatures immediately show obedience, whether from our world, such as the aqueous, the aerial, or subterranean, as well as the Olympic, supercelestial, infernal and even the divine.

Strive therefore for the greatest simplicity, and strive to obtain from God knowledge of the simple things. The rest can only be acquired by experimenting."

So, if I'm to follow the instructions in the grimoire to the letter, no circle, triangle or any sort of altar is to be present in the evocation?

Feel free any mistakes I've made reading the text. :flamesuit on:

This post has been edited by ComaOfLoss: Sep 14 2009, 08:16 AM

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post


Vagrant Dreamer
post Sep 14 2009, 09:20 AM
Post #2


Practicus
Group Icon
Posts: 1,184
Age: N/A
Gender: Male
From: Atlanta, Georgia
Reputation: 51 pts




THe requirements alone are very vague. Faith - who knows how much faith they have until it is tested, and even then against what do you measure it? - a Pious life - based on what religion, supposing there is only one God in truth, which version is the true one to measure Piousness against? - The prayers to God are the only constant that is available there.

Also elsewhere in the book it suggests that "Therefore it is most safe for the young practisers of Art, that they work by the offices of the Spirits alone, without their names; and if they are pre-ordained to attain the Art of Magick, the other parts of the Art will offer themselves unto them of their own accord. Pray therefore for a constant faith, and God will bring to pass all things in due season. "

That bold line suggests to me that this is one of those things where you either have it or you don't - there's no guaruntee that doing anything this book says to do will actually result in magical effect. If you weren't born a magician, then oh well. In most books that have conditions like this we are heavily cautioned that pursuing magic for material desires puts our immortal souls at risk. I believe that this may arise from a philosophy of bias against sorcery (Goetia), which can be practised by anyone and usually involves some material reward resulting from that practice. Who it was that decided there was such a steep cost to material gain is a matter of dispute although in fairness most 'enlightened masters' since the dawn of civilization have said something which supports the belief. P.S. Additionally there is some general opinion that those 'born magicians' would not have such material ends for magic, which is a circuitous reason why there were born to be magicians in the first place - being a magician makes you pious, and being pious makes you a magician. Hence many of these books are supposedly written with this particular kind of person in mind, while others are written for Sorcerers and not Magicians, a distinction which is made by different qualities at different times but generally amounts to a person who on the one hand uses natural laws and spirits to effect ends and on the other is granted some kind of divine grace whereby his will is done through divine providence and his word carries a sort of weight with God.

So here's my opinion about the book, having read over it a few times (I refreshed here for a moment, but I have agrippa's books and knew there was a reason I didn't particularly care for the arbatel): It is possible that this book is intended to be practiced by initiated magicians. By intiated, I do not mean arbitrary GD initiations, but genuine ordeal induced magical initiation. Basically you have to go through some kind of major ordeal and initiate by necessity. The general idea is that these things are predestined from birth, although whether or not you will accept initiation at that time is a matter of somewhat free will. I believe that is what is meant when he said "pre-ordained to attain the art of magic(k)" [K being post-crowley so question the origin of the book in the first place, yes?]

Now, that said there is discussion elsewhere in Agrippa's books about what constitutes piousness and faith, etc. This book may be specifically referencing those things, suggesting that these are not absolute qualities at all, but rather specific rituals to be carried out, according to the instructions of the book. I'm less sure about that, however, even than I am about the specific requirements laid down in the Arbatel itself - there is some evidence to suggest that the 'three books' of agrippa were not written together that all, or even by agrippa von whatever himself; that they were attributed to this person, written on separate occaisions by separate authors, and only later gathered together and presented as three interconnected texts.

I suppose the only way to know for sure, is to give it a try. If you are a born magician, then it will work, if that line is to be taken literally as read. If not, try following the instructions for being a proper magician laid out elsewhere in the books. If that doesn't work, try following the bible to the letter and being a good christian, after all you are to pray to Jesus Christ the only son of God in the prayers (so I'm guessing the God of Jesus is the one commanding the angels here).

So no, I don't personally think that anything beyond what the book states is necessary - just that what it states it does require is intentionally vague.

Peace

PPS.: Ah, alright, check out Aphorism 25, there are a list of qualifications and sayings, then: "If you draw these seven places of Scripture from the letter unto the Spirit, or into action, thou canst out erre, but shalt attain to the desired bound; thou shalt not erre from the mark, and God himself by his holy Spirit will teach thee true and profitable things: he will give also his ministring Angels unto thee, to be thy companions, helpers, and teachers of all the secrets of the world, and he will command every creature to be obedient unto thee, so that cheerfully rejoycing thou maist say with the Apostles, That the Spirits are obedient unto thee; so that at length thou shalt be certain of the greatest thing of all, That thy name is written in Heaven." - Which sounds to me like these may be the basic requirements of Faith and Piousness described above.

This post has been edited by Vagrant Dreamer: Sep 14 2009, 09:33 AM


--------------------
The world is complicated - that which makes it up is elegantly simplistic, but infinitely versatile.

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post

ComaOfLoss
post Sep 14 2009, 09:39 AM
Post #3


Neophyte
Group Icon
Posts: 71
Age: N/A
Gender: Male
From: Finland
Reputation: 1 pts




QUOTE(Vagrant Dreamer @ Sep 14 2009, 06:20 PM) *

...So no, I don't personally think that anything beyond what the book states is necessary - just that what it states it does require is intentionally vague.

Peace

PPS.: Ah, alright, check out Aphorism 25, there are a list of qualifications and sayings, then: "If you draw these seven places of Scripture from the letter unto the Spirit, or into action, thou canst out erre, but shalt attain to the desired bound; thou shalt not erre from the mark, and God himself by his holy Spirit will teach thee true and profitable things: he will give also his ministring Angels unto thee, to be thy companions, helpers, and teachers of all the secrets of the world, and he will command every creature to be obedient unto thee, so that cheerfully rejoycing thou maist say with the Apostles, That the Spirits are obedient unto thee; so that at length thou shalt be certain of the greatest thing of all, That thy name is written in Heaven." - Which sounds to me like these may be the basic requirements of Faith and Piousness described above.


Thanks for the well thought out answer. Although I was mostly referring to the physical ritual requirements, not the personal inner ones.

As for being vague, the ritual outline is pretty solid at least to me:

You're supposed to call on the spirits on the first hour of the day to the direction where the planet resides, by prayers to God that are included in the text and by displaying the seal of the spirit.

I'll re-check aph. 25, thanks for that.

E: Seems that the Peterson transl. which I have differs quite a lot from the text you're quoting, for example the last line goes like this:
"do not rejoice that the spirits submit to you, but rejoice that your names are written in heaven".

QUOTE(Vagrant Dreamer @ Sep 14 2009, 06:20 PM) *
In most books that have conditions like this we are heavily cautioned that pursuing magic for material desires puts our immortal souls at risk. I believe that this may arise from a philosophy of bias against sorcery (Goetia), which can be practised by anyone and usually involves some material reward resulting from that practice.


Which then would make me think even more that any ritual paraphernalia taken from the Goetia would not be needed. (IMG:style_emoticons/default/smile.gif)

This post has been edited by ComaOfLoss: Sep 14 2009, 09:56 AM

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post

Vagrant Dreamer
post Sep 14 2009, 11:02 AM
Post #4


Practicus
Group Icon
Posts: 1,184
Age: N/A
Gender: Male
From: Atlanta, Georgia
Reputation: 51 pts




The ritual requirements were not what I was referring to as vague, but rather the inner personal requirements. Rather, the operational effecacy is dependant upon those vague requirements: For instance the lesser key, the Goetia of Solomon, lays the operational requirements out in clear terms: Have these figures, wear these things, say these words, and the spirits will come and do as they are commanded.

In the arbatel, the requirements are not laid out this way. Instead: Live this kind of life, and if it is the will of God this ritual will call these spirits before you.

Saying the prayer once at the right time will probably not, in my opinion, call the spirit before you. It may be you will have to recite the prayer calling the spirit over and over again, pray in a fervor, for it to come, and even then - only if it is the will of God.

It is easy enough that it is certainly worth a try, but my suggestion would simply be that if it doesn't come when you first recite the prayer, keep repeating it until it does. That may mean repeating it a dozen times, a hundred, or a thousand. There is no guide in the book telling what to do if it doesn't come, but suggesting that you must have faith says to me that this may be a kind of unspoken test inherent in this ritual.

According to Aphorism 25 I pretty much qualify, my behavior is largely conditioned by a christian upbringing, but given the simplicity of the ritual outline I will attempt this myself probably wednesday morning (I have not reason to call a Martian spirit, and it's too late for a lunar spirit today now.) I guess we'll see!

peace


--------------------
The world is complicated - that which makes it up is elegantly simplistic, but infinitely versatile.

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post

ComaOfLoss
post Sep 14 2009, 12:27 PM
Post #5


Neophyte
Group Icon
Posts: 71
Age: N/A
Gender: Male
From: Finland
Reputation: 1 pts




QUOTE(Vagrant Dreamer @ Sep 14 2009, 08:02 PM) *

Saying the prayer once at the right time will probably not, in my opinion, call the spirit before you. It may be you will have to recite the prayer calling the spirit over and over again, pray in a fervor, for it to come, and even then - only if it is the will of God.


This has been my experience with other angelic invocations as well. (Where I have written the ritual outline by myself by using petiotions to god as an invocation).

QUOTE(Vagrant Dreamer @ Sep 14 2009, 06:20 PM) *

Also elsewhere in the book it suggests that "Therefore it is most safe for the young practisers of Art, that they work by the offices of the Spirits alone, without their names; and if they are pre-ordained to attain the Art of Magick, the other parts of the Art will offer themselves unto them of their own accord. Pray therefore for a constant faith, and God will bring to pass all things in due season. "


Do you remember where this passage was, one thing came to my head about this. This might not be referring to the Olympic spirits but the angels of the Seal of Secrets in aphorism 27 where the angels are not mentioned by name but by their office:

"The use of this seal of secrets is, that you may know where the spirits or angels are revealed, who may teach the secrets which have been delivered to them from God. But their names are chosen from the functions and virtues that God has distributed to each of them.... ....Thus you can easily FORM THEIR NAMES in your own language. Thus you might want to petition the Angel of Healing, or Philosophy, or Mathematics, or the Angel of Legal Guidance, or Supernatural or Natural Wisdom, and so on."

This post has been edited by ComaOfLoss: Sep 14 2009, 12:29 PM

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post

Vagrant Dreamer
post Sep 14 2009, 04:04 PM
Post #6


Practicus
Group Icon
Posts: 1,184
Age: N/A
Gender: Male
From: Atlanta, Georgia
Reputation: 51 pts




QUOTE(ComaOfLoss @ Sep 14 2009, 02:27 PM) *

This has been my experience with other angelic invocations as well. (Where I have written the ritual outline by myself by using petiotions to god as an invocation).
Do you remember where this passage was, one thing came to my head about this. This might not be referring to the Olympic spirits but the angels of the Seal of Secrets in aphorism 27 where the angels are not mentioned by name but by their office:

"The use of this seal of secrets is, that you may know where the spirits or angels are revealed, who may teach the secrets which have been delivered to them from God. But their names are chosen from the functions and virtues that God has distributed to each of them.... ....Thus you can easily FORM THEIR NAMES in your own language. Thus you might want to petition the Angel of Healing, or Philosophy, or Mathematics, or the Angel of Legal Guidance, or Supernatural or Natural Wisdom, and so on."


It is from Aphorism 18 in the same septenary as the ritual for calling the olympic spirits. In the same septenary, Aph. 15 it is metnioned,

QUOTE
"If therefore any of the Olympick spirits shall teach or declare that which his star to which he is appointed portendeth, nevertheless he can bring forth nothing into action, unless he be permitted by the Divine power. It is God alone who giveth them power to effect it."


and further down in #17: (pt.3)
QUOTE
"The true and divine Magician may use all the creatures of God, and offices of the Governours of the world, at his own will, for that the Governours of the world are obedient unto them, and come when they are called, and do execute their commands: but God is the Author thereof: as Joshua caused the Sun to stand still in heaven."


And then again, (pt.5)
QUOTE
"A man that is a true Magician, is brought forth a Magician from his mothers womb: others, who do give themselves to this office, are unhappie. This is that which John the Baptist speaketh of: No man can do any thing of himself, except it be given him from above. "


All this apparently grouped together, especially the last two, which are part of the same aphorism (17) which contains the actual ritual framework for the calling fo the olympic spirits themselves.

A lot of this apparently relies on whether or not the individual is a 'true magician' and on "the Divine Power". Now, of course I'm not atheist, but that is a lot of vague and internal conditions regarding this particular brand of magic. And although I'm not suggesting the book itself is bogus, usually I steer clear of any kind of magic which requires such a special kind of quality in the individual - it's either useless to me unless I have that vague quality, or it was intentionally written that way so that there is a built in excuse if it doesn't work.

That said, if you have the faith to move mountains, then have the faith to sit down and pray until the spirit shows up, and don't stop until it does. The ritual framework here in no way compels the spirit to show - you essentially have to coerce them to show themselves, and although they are verbally expected to teach and inform by the prayers which are included, and perhaps even come more easily in successive callings, the book also says that they do all of this of their own free will, suggesting to me that they are not compelled to do to teach anything, or even show up at all.

But like I said, only doing it will really answer anything.

peace


--------------------
The world is complicated - that which makes it up is elegantly simplistic, but infinitely versatile.

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post

ComaOfLoss
post Sep 15 2009, 11:30 PM
Post #7


Neophyte
Group Icon
Posts: 71
Age: N/A
Gender: Male
From: Finland
Reputation: 1 pts




Got my answers, thanks! (IMG:style_emoticons/default/bigwink.gif)

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post

Vagrant Dreamer
post Sep 16 2009, 07:35 AM
Post #8


Practicus
Group Icon
Posts: 1,184
Age: N/A
Gender: Male
From: Atlanta, Georgia
Reputation: 51 pts




I'm interested to hear about what aspect of your experience you are able to share. The first hour of the day for me was around 2 hours ago, and I have just gotten up from repeating the prayer for calling the spirit more times than I would have cared to count if I had been counting. I am apparently not up to spiff in the eyes of the Lord. (IMG:style_emoticons/default/bigwink.gif)

peace


--------------------
The world is complicated - that which makes it up is elegantly simplistic, but infinitely versatile.

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post

SororZSD23
post Jan 28 2011, 11:30 PM
Post #9


Neophyte
Group Icon
Posts: 93
Age: N/A
Gender: Female
From: Over the Rainbow
Reputation: 4 pts




Old post that I took interest in because I have been working with the Arbatel and the Olympic Spirits for about nine months now. I have had great success in contacting these entities as a solitary practitioner and also working with a group of 3 other occultists. I approach them as more or less outlined in the Arbatel and not as in other grimoire that are based on the Solomonic paradigm. The Arbatel seems to be influenced by Neoplatonic and pre Socratic philosophical concepts. One meditates, focuses on Godhead and then through that evokes the Olympic Spirit and focuses on the sigil. Impressions and communications may follow. The Spirits are archetypal entities that relate information about the microcosm and macrocosm (they can be mapped on the body as well as the cosmos), and they are to be communed with, not commanded. They each may show you a form and give you a specific name to be called by. Ophiel is currently the governor of the present age, according to the Arbatel (Hagith was the governor during the era of author of the Arbatel as well as John Dee, et al). Ophiel, which means "serpent of God" is a reference to Mercury and the secret fire and is the Olympic Spirit that links together all the other Spirits from Phul to Aratron as if it were the scaffolding on which everything else is positioned and contained within Aratron.

I have friends who are bent on following planetary hour charts and insist that I do the same in my Arbatel work. I've put in the effort, even casting circle according to Roscrucian planetary rigamarole only to fall asleep or get dead air when all is said and done. The Olympic Spirits, in my experience, are put off by this sort of thing and could care less about what hour we decide they are supposed to be governing.They are somethng much bigger than our puny paradigms. I generally either focus on the ruling day or else the ruling mansion of the moon. Some Olympics might mostly be quiet with you and others might gate crash on other Spirits' ruling days. A group of us also had an interesting time doing dream work in which we visualized the sigil of the Olympic Spirit ruling the moon mansion whle fallilng asleep. I deciphered the number codes and the Seal of Secrets in the Arbatel in this way. The practicality of the Arbatel, however, does not exactly come through evocation of Olympic Spirits but in understanding how to get a grip on the overall energy of any given day in accordance with the Olympic ruling the day, the moon mansion, and the various archangels ruling the particular day, season, month, and moon phase.


--------------------
Leaving aside those principles of magic that play on the superstitious and that, whatever they be, are unworthy of the general public, we will direct our thoughts only to those things that contribute to wisdom and that can satisfy better minds . . . -from De Magia by Giordano Bruno (born 1548; burned at the stake February 16, 1600).
My Webpage

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post

ComaOfLoss
post Feb 17 2011, 11:09 AM
Post #10


Neophyte
Group Icon
Posts: 71
Age: N/A
Gender: Male
From: Finland
Reputation: 1 pts




Hey SororZSD23, you have a great website about the Arbatel. But the link in your signature isn't working (it's just text, no link), I had to use google to find your site.

This post has been edited by ComaOfLoss: Feb 17 2011, 11:10 AM

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post

Vilhjalmr
post Feb 17 2011, 09:25 PM
Post #11


Zelator
Group Icon
Posts: 181
Age: N/A
Gender: Male
From: Medrengard
Reputation: 2 pts




Well Coma, how'd it go? (IMG:style_emoticons/default/smile.gif)

QUOTE(Vagrant Dreamer @ Sep 14 2009, 04:04 PM) *
A lot of this apparently relies on whether or not the individual is a 'true magician' and on "the Divine Power". Now, of course I'm not atheist, but that is a lot of vague and internal conditions regarding this particular brand of magic. And although I'm not suggesting the book itself is bogus, usually I steer clear of any kind of magic which requires such a special kind of quality in the individual - it's either useless to me unless I have that vague quality, or it was intentionally written that way so that there is a built in excuse if it doesn't work.

Quoted for truth (except the "not an atheist" part (IMG:style_emoticons/default/wink.gif)).


--------------------
Für Wodin!

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post

ComaOfLoss
post Mar 2 2011, 04:36 PM
Post #12


Neophyte
Group Icon
Posts: 71
Age: N/A
Gender: Male
From: Finland
Reputation: 1 pts




QUOTE(Vilhjalmr @ Feb 18 2011, 05:25 AM) *

Well Coma, how'd it go? (IMG:style_emoticons/default/smile.gif)
Quoted for truth (except the "not an atheist" part (IMG:style_emoticons/default/wink.gif)).


After talking so much about strictly adhering to the ritual outline in the grimoire I went with using my full enochian paraphernalia and enochian Calls with Ophiel. Which in hindsight wasn't a very good idea. The Calls propably introduced a pretty unpredictable element to the evocation that resulted in some very unpleasant physical feelings (my head weighing a million tons, dizziness, among other things).

Now this past month I've started doing the evocations strictly using only the prayers from the Arbatel with only the seal of the spirit and a coloured candle. It seems to work just fine this way (well it's the way it's supposed to be done!), although I am doing an enochian ritual every day as well so that might weigh in on the success. I've also followed SororZSD23's advice on looking at the Moon Mansions if you want something done by the familiars the Olympics give.

This post has been edited by ComaOfLoss: Mar 2 2011, 04:37 PM

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post

SororZSD23
post Jul 3 2011, 07:31 PM
Post #13


Neophyte
Group Icon
Posts: 93
Age: N/A
Gender: Female
From: Over the Rainbow
Reputation: 4 pts




Hey. Just checked back on the site after many months. Glad I could offer some insight. The Seal of Secrets is like a yantra and can be different information inbedded in it. In part, it is like a calendar and the the lines raying out of it (27 per each quadrant) related to the mansions of the moon. So you want to refer to the Picatrix and get refer to a lunar mansion calendar to see what planet is ruling what day. As I mentioned in another string, Governing angels also probably are important to using the seal of secrets, but what angels correspond exactly to the parts of the seal are not known (the author may not have used the same paradigm as, say, Agrippa, and we speculate, actually, that Giordano Bruno may have been the author.

To work with the Arbatel, it is best to follow its simple instructions. If you really REALLY feel the need to circle cast, do what is most comfortable to make you feel safe and efficient. But you really just need to sit down, focus, be sincere, say the little prayer in the Arbatel or a variation of it that goes with your personal paradigm, focus on the sigil, invite the Olympic spirit and be attentive to what you experience.


--------------------
Leaving aside those principles of magic that play on the superstitious and that, whatever they be, are unworthy of the general public, we will direct our thoughts only to those things that contribute to wisdom and that can satisfy better minds . . . -from De Magia by Giordano Bruno (born 1548; burned at the stake February 16, 1600).
My Webpage

User is offlineProfile CardPM
Go to the top of the page
+Quote Post

Closed
Topic Notes
Reply to this topicStart new topic

Collapse

Similar Topics

Topic Title Replies Topic Starter Views Last Action
Olympic Spirits Experiences. 6 GaiusOctavian 10,755 Jul 3 2011, 07:18 PM
Last post by: SororZSD23
Alepta - Olympic Spirit 3 Scooby Doo 3,508 Nov 21 2008, 10:42 AM
Last post by: Scooby Doo
Olympic Evocations 7 Faustopheles 6,067 Feb 17 2007, 12:28 PM
Last post by: J*S
Olympic Spirits 0 nerad 3,187 Jan 15 2006, 11:02 AM
Last post by: nerad
Books about the Olympic Spirits 3 daev 4,107 Oct 20 2005, 02:56 PM
Last post by: Ekron

2 User(s) are reading this topic (2 Guests and 0 Anonymous Users)
0 Members:

 

Lo-Fi Version Time is now: 22nd November 2024 - 05:40 AM