The phase of the Moon refers to the amount of light it reflects back to the Earth. Since the Moon's orbit around the Earthmatches the time it takes for the Moon to rotate on its axis, the same side of the Moon is always facing us. When that whole side reflects sunligth back at us, we have a full Moon. As the Earth's shadow crosses that facing side, the Moon goes into its phases. The "first day" of the Lunar month is usually reckoned from the New Moon, when it is dark.
The placement of the Moon in the sky is not directly related to its phases. As we go around the Sun, its apparent position among the belt of the Zodiac changes, taking a full year to go all the way around. This is just a matter of perspective, but the Moon makes the same circuit much faster.
Take note that all the visible "planets" relating to occultism are found along the belt of the Zodiac, as a consequence of being arranged into a sort of disc of orbital paths out in space. Just as the Sun sets and rises, so do all the other planets. Venus and Mercury are only visible when the Sun is near the horizon because they are closer to it in space, but they all rotate across the sky as the Earth turns every night. Their positions relative to the stars behind them change more slowly, but their positions in relation to the viewer change by the minute.
If stars and planets have some place in your magic, take some time to study them from a purely material point of view. Read something on astronomy, or at least go outdoors a few times in the month and spend some time watching. On the 21st of October, the 17th of November, and the 13th of December this year there are meteor showers that make the time watching more fun, but the Moon will probably make them invisible. Take some hot chocolate and a blanket, and you might find this enjoyable if not educational.
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